Hydrangea arborescens; Hydrangeaceae (hydrangea family; older sources place it in the Saxifragaceae)
I was lucky to find this particular plant; it isn’t rare, but it is unusual to find a specimen with large clusters of the showy sterile flowers (actually bracts). More typically in the wild you’d see an inflorescence of much smaller (and less spectacular) fertile flowers, with just a few of the sterile flowers around the edges. Wild hydrangea is a small understory shrub that likes moist but well-drained soils. It is listed as endangered in Florida and New York. This one was found on the Cabin John Trail, not very far from the water.

Just saw one of these with large blooms like this along the canal towpath in the Cabin John area today. I assumed it was a garden escapee; nice to know it’s a wild plant.
I’ve never seen it in the C&O NHP, but I see them along the Cabin John Trail, probably less than a mile upstream of the towpath.